High-Throughput Metabolomics Applications in Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease

High-throughput metabolomics techniques are a useful tool to understand many disease conditions including cardiovascular such as valvular heart disease(s) (VHD). VHD involves damage valves, mostly presenting stenosis, regurgitation or prolapse and can be classified into degenerative, rheumatic, congenital, prosthetic valve disease. Gaps remain in our understanding of the pathogenesis common VHD. It is now fitting place perspective contribution mechanism development, diagnosis, prognosis A structured search for studies centred on human was undertaken. Biomarkers associated with bicuspid aortic disease, mitral rheumatic degenerative stenosis reviewed discussed. In addition, metabolic biomarkers reported prognosticate patient outcomes post-valve repair replacement highlighted. Finally, we also review pitfalls limitations consider when designing studies, especially from clinician’s viewpoint. future, reliable simple biomarker(s) may supplement existing diagnostic tools early diagnosis